Wood, fibres and pulps

• Identification of wood, woody and non-woody fibre species.
• Fibre furnish analysis of pulp and paper samples, determination of following fractions:
• Softwood - hardwood;
• Woody - non-woody fibres;
• Mechanical - chemical pulp, fibre identification in each fraction;
• Earlywood - latewood.
• Morphological characterisation and imaging of wood and fibres using light, confocal, electron and atomic force microscopy.
• Determination of a degree of fibre fibrillation.
• Determination of fibre cross-sectional dimensions:
• Fibre wall thickness, fibre area, fibre width and thickness
• Fibre collapse index
• Quantity of split fibres
• Determination of microfibril angle using CLSM.
• Determination of cellulose fibril aggregates size in S2 fibre wall using AFM.

Paper

• Surface characterisation using light, confocal, electron and atomic force microscopy.
• Determination of cross-sectional structure of paper and paperboard:

• Z-density,
• Pore distribution,
• Thickness of coating layer and surface coverage,
• Surface roughness of base paper under coating,
• Distribution of fillers by X-ray analysis,
• Visualisation of starch.

• Surface topography and compressibility by CLSM.
• Missing dots by CLSM.
• Microroughness by CLSM and AFM.

Contaminants in pulp and paper

• Analysis of spots and deposits (e.g. wood, fibrous material, inorganic and organic impurities).